Effects of Parental Divorce on Childrens Growth

Effects  of  Parental  Divorce  on  Childrens  Growth Divorce has become an important social issue which can not be ignored and avoided. In mid-19th century, only 5% of the marriages were broken in the United States, and now almost 50% of first marriages were ended in divorce, there were 100 million children who experienced parental divorce in the United States, in England and Wales, more than 140,007 children were facing parental separation every year. The children of this kind have become an important part of the vulnerable group in modern society, which also attracts the attention of many scholars. A large number of social evidence shows that the psychological trauma which the breakdown of a family brings children is obvious and will exist for a long term. Relevant scholars sociological research also showed that divorce had a negative impact on the cognitive development, personality development, mental health, relationships, social behavior development and other aspects of Childrens. To explore the influence of parental divorce on ch ildrens growth trajectory, this essay reviewed relevant literatures and conducted a critical analysis towards the literatures. Chapter II Discussion Through reviewing relevant academic literatures on divorce, research on the influence of divorce on childrens development included the following contents. 2.1 Cognitive levels and academic performance Research (Amans et al, 2001) showed that there was a very significant difference in areas of cognition, reasoning and academic achievement between children in divorced families and complete families, the impact of divorce on childrens learning performance was the most, the impact on cognition was less than the impact on academic achievement, the impact on the non-text logical reasoning was minimal. There was no significant difference in the cognitive aspects between the children of different genders in divorced families, and the girls academic performance was significantly better than the boys. Levels of cognitive development and academic performance of seven, eight or nine year old childrens from divorced families were significantly lower than the childrens from complete families. Amato (2001) made use of Meta analysis in his study. Meta analysis refers to using a number of statistical methods to analyze the collected research data. Its advantage is to increase the reliability of co nclusions through increasing sample sizes, so as to address the inconsistency of findings. The conclusion of Amans research (Amans et al, 2001) was also based on Meta analysis, he used appropriate statistical to conduct systematic, objective and comprehensive quantitative analysis towards lots of relevant research results in 1990s and found that the scores of learning of childrens in divorced families were significantly lower than the childrens from complete families, he pointed out that this gap was increased slightly when compared with the situation in 1980. 2.2 Emotional development and personality development Amatos (2001) study showed that children from single parent families were less able to control themselves and their assessment for themselves was too high. There were a higher proportion of children who were abnormal in their mood, emotion and personality, their specific performance included preferring crying, depression, irritability, anger, fear, etc., their bad character included low self-esteem, unsociability, poor self-control ability, frailty, lying, cheating, apathy, anxiety, etc., but majority of them had a strong independence. Children whose parents were separated had significantly polarized introversive or exoscopic characters, and most of them had singly introversive or exoscopic personalities, and majority children who were from complete families had the intermediate personalities. The research method which Amato (2001) adopted was Meta analysis, by comparing conclusions of a large number of research he found that, in fact, there was difference between children who grew u p in complete families and children who grew up in single parent families, but the difference was not as big as what usually imagined. His (Amato, 2001)research showed that parental divorce was only one factor in the process of a childs growth, there were other factors that could influence a childs growth, but his research did not specify what these other factors were. 2.3 Mental health Relevant research (Aaron et al, 1999) has indicated that there was significant difference in the general levels of mental health between children from divorced families and children from complete families, children with single parent had more psychological problems, including tendency of a serious loneliness, unwilling contacting with people, tendency of self-accusation and giving low evaluations for individual abilities and qualities, strong feelings of inferiority, obvious anxiety, lacks of confidence in interpersonal relationships, lacks of security, tendency of serious impulsions, etc., many children often felt depressed, irritable and had extreme behavior, their physical symptoms which caused by psychological problems were more obvious. Relevant research (Aaron et al, 1999) also explained this phenomenon, because the childrens parents divorced, they lacked parental encouragement, in the face of setbacks, they couldnt get strong incentives, resulting in a lack of confidence. And because of parental divorce, it caused the reduction of parents concerning about the children, lack of communication with their children and failing to detect changes in the children life and thought would lead to the childrens failing to deal with the problems in a timely manner, thereby resulting in depression, irritability and other emotions. 2.4 Interpersonal relationship The research on the interpersonal relationship of childrens from divorced families was mainly carried out in the areas of peer relationship, parent-child relationship and control ability. Study has shown that judging from the perspectives of peer relationship, subjective and objective control abilities, children with single parent was not as good as the childrens from complete families. In terms of parent-child relationship, children with single parent were not satisfied with their parents and families, their relationship with their parents wasnt as good as the childrens from complete families. Even when they grew up, they still showed their distrust towards their parents, as Jacquet and Surra (2001) found in their study that even taking full consideration of the quality of parent-child relationship, the adult children still had a strong sense of distrust. Moreover, parents divorce also had a profound effect on the childrens establishing a close relationship with their lovers when th ey grew up. Jacquet and Surra (2001) took young couples of 19- 35 years old as research objects and investigated the determinacy of the relationship between them and their cognition and understanding towards the problems between them, they found that women from divorced families had a sense of lack of trust and satisfaction, showing ambivalent feelings and conflicts. Although there was no difference between the men from divorced families and the men from complete families (Emery, 1999), but because of the marital status of their own parents, the former thought that the relationship between couples was temporary. Thus, parental separation not only affects childrens close relationship with their parents, but also has a negative impact on the childrens creating their own intimate relationships when they grow up, the impact of parental separation on childrens understanding of interpersonal relationship is negative and permanent, making the children show great adaptability in dealing wit h interpersonal relationship. 2.5 Behavior problems Study (Jeynes, 2001) showed that the problem behavior of childrens from divorced families was more than childrens from complete families, the behavior included lying, cheating, bragging and boast, poor school performance and fearing of school, etc. There was a very close relationship between childrens Internet addiction and their divorced families. Jeynes (2001) investigated the childrens alcohol problems after their parents divorced and found that compared with the children whose parents have divorced for more than 4 years, the children whose parents divorced newly had the same frequency of drinking, the number of the children who indulged in drinking was increased, and they were more likely to be affected by alcohol, the frequency and quantity of the two groups of the children who addicted drinking were more than the children from complete families (Jeynes, 2001), the children who didnt have complete families were more likely to drink and affected by alcohol. The greatest significa nce of Jeynes research (2001) did not lie in confirming that children of divorced families were more likely to drink than children of complete families, but proving that both children whose parents divorced four years ago and the children whose parents divorced newly had the same frequency of drinking, thereby refuting some people opinion of thinking that divorce only had an impact on children at the time when their parents divorced, it further confirmed that the influence of parental divorce on children would be lasted for a long time. Chapter III Conclusion Through literature review, this essay summarized the impact of divorce on childrens development and tried to find out the problems existing in relevant study and explore the directions of future research.  ·The above-mentioned research on children of single parent families particularly concerned about adolescents, especially callan, there was less study on young children. Therefore, it should seek for evaluation means which is suitable for the characteristics of infants and preschool children, paying more attention to their psychological development and adaptation.  ·The previous research on children who were from divorced families generally compared the behavior problems between children from divorced families and complete families, or by statistical methods to control other household variables to examine the direct impact of parental separation on childrens behavior problems. The study has provided a wealth of useful information, but often overlooked the impact of other family variables in the divorce process on children. Thus future research should not only concern about the impact of divorce itself on children, but also pay attention to the role of other variables relate to divorce, such as the quality of parent-child relationship, the marriage conflicts before divorce and during parental separation, the living conditions of children after their parents divorce, etc. It should pay a special attention to the changes of the internal mechanism which affects the childrens adaptability.  ·Research on Children from divorced families was mostly transverse study, few was longitudinal study. Childrens development is a process, only depending on the existing transverse study is difficult to explore the impact of parents separation on childrens development of different stages and its change process. Therefore, the relationship between parents divorce and childrens development needs to be analyzed with a clear and tracked investigation which is the problem needs to be resolved in future study.

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ResearchTopic: Increased incidence of pressure ulcer cases. Researchable problem: What are the reasons for increases rate of pressure ulcers in WMW that is unknown? Problem statement: What are the effects of increased pressure ulcers on patient over the disease they were admitted for? Purpose: To determine the impact of increased rate of pressure ulcers to patients in Women’s Medical Ward in Labasa hospital. A Four- step Approach: What factors influence pressure ulcer patients that will enhance on mobility and self-care? What is the relationship between pressure ulcer and mobility? Will self-care and mobility decrease the number and severity of pressure ulcer patients? How can emotional support be used to mediate the suffering of patients with pressure ulcers? A Two-stage Approach: Who is the patient’s most suffering from pressure ulcers? What causes the risk having pressure ulcers? When do patients are prone to have and where do most pressure ulcers occur? Why do patients suffer from increased pressure ulcers? Refined Problem Statement: What are the effects and risk factors to have increased rate of pressure ulcers on patient ? Hypothesis: Increased incidence of pressure ulcers among immobilizing patient than mobilizing patient in Women’s Medical Ward. Pressure ulcer is defined as damage to the underlying tissue due to lesion caused by unrelieved pressure. In this there are reasons for pressure ulcers occurring hence the risk factors the adverse effects to pressure ulcer. Literature review 1 Causes of pressure ulcers Citation: Workman, B. A., & Bennett, C. L. (2003). Key nursing skills. UK: Bell and Bain ltd, 85-87 In this study the researcher examined about the third problem arising in a patient that was studied upo... ...is, decubitus ulcers with systemic. To relief of pressure and reduce the susceptibility of pressure ulcers due to circulatory interference with the arterial blood supply or venous return. By changing the patient’s position frequently, as often as every 2 hours.To reduce constant pressure on a body part. To maintain the skin integrity dressings are to be changed frequently to prevent damage to the skin. As it is discussed due to immobility of patient is one of the risk factor of this complication together with poor nutrition status hence protecting the skin from damage and managing the incontinence as well as proper diet and nutrition is discussed as an early intervention as one of the preventative measures rather than suffering the consequences .In this due to immobility is accentuated as one of the most paramount factors relating to development of pressure sores.

Informative speech Essay

The Effects of Disney Films Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about the different stereotypes Disney portrayed in their movies. Central Idea/Thesis Statement: Different types of stereotypes in Disney movies effect children’s view on gender roles. INTRODUCTION I. When you wish upon a star; makes no difference who you are†¦. Or does it? If you recognized this classic Disney song, that means you grew up watching Disney during your childhood. II. The Disney movie franchise has been producing movies for many years now. The Walt Disney Studios Company began in 1923 in Los Angeles. Around 1937, Disney became famous for their creating the first full-length animated feature (Walt Disney Studios). The first full-length animated feature was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. III. I chose to do this topic because I write a paper in my Sociology class based on movie called â€Å"Mickey Mouse Monopoly†. This movie talked about the different stenotypes that occurred in famous Disney films that people were unaware about when growing up. IV. This topic is relevant because it informs people about the different stereotypes that occurred in Disney films. Which can bring awareness to people so it would not affect a child’s or an adult’s perspective on how they view a particular person or group. V. Many grew up with the Disney movies, their catchy songs and fantasises about a special prince or princess. In the article, â€Å"The portrayal of older characters in Disney animated film,†, the authors stated, â€Å"Disney films are passed along from parent to child, which introduces each new generation new values, beliefs, and attitudes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Robinson, Tom 206). While Disney movies brought positive messages for children to learn; it also portrayed negative effects in the society. Disney films supported different stereotypes and social stigmas that later effected children’s view on society from childhood through adulthood; particularly girls. In today’s society there are a lot of different definitions on how people view gender types. I am going to talk about the different stereotypes that occurred in Disney movies. BODY I. Disney films characterized female stereotypes and male stereotypes. II. Stereotypes are an idea or the image of a particular type of person or thing, which can affect a children’s perspective in the society. A. Women are portrayed as rich princesses to carry the image of looking like a Barbie doll. Women are even portrayed as evil-step mothers, or even poor servants. Regardless they always need a man; either they need a prince or a father figure to save their lives. 1. For example, if you take a look at Pocahontas, Cinderella, Belle, or Jasmine you will see that they are beautiful females. They all share the similar traits of a perfect, tiny waist, and huge breasts. According to the article â€Å"Images of Gender, Race, Age, and Sexual Orientation in Disney Feature- Length Animated Films,† the author Towbin mentioned that one of the common characteristics to a female Disney character was â€Å"a women’s appearance is valued more than her intellect† (Towbin, Mia Adessa 2004). 2. Princess Ariel who was a mermaid traded her voice for her love Prince Eric. When she was in trouble she needed her father to rescue her from the evil witch. Even when you sit and think about the whole Little Mermaid story; you would see that her only goal was to find her prince and marry him. a. The only role that women play is either the beautiful princess, or the evil wicked witch. B. When you watch princess movies you will see that males are just as stereotyped as the females. Men are made to be tough, strong, and sometimes abusive. 1. In the article, Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses, the author wrote about the different masculine characteristics that Disney films portrayed. Some of the characteristics were brave, assertive, unemotional and physical strong. (England, Dawn 2011). a. In Aladdin, he was portrayed as a fearless man. He was able to fight off a huge snake with only a sword and was able to defeat dozen of bad guys. b. In Beauty and the Beast, we remember that the Beast was abusive towards Belle and Gaston only objectified her. He was attracted her because of her beauty, and discouraged he idea of her reading. What kind of message are we teaching  children? III. The different stereotypes that were portrayed in Disney films had an affect on children during their childhood. 1. According to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report (1999), children watches an average of 2 to 5 hours of television per day. 2. Disney makes most of their characters so attractive to young girls that they want to be like them in every way. a. They feel as if they must have perfect bodies like the princesses by wearing stylish and expensive clothing. b. If a child sees a character that they like, they might end up choosing to imitate that character’s appearance, behavior and their actions. c. â€Å"Little Girls of Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect,† written by Stephanie Hanes, talks about how little girls are losing their sense of imagination. Instead of them running in the back yard they are now wearing dresses to try to make themselves look pretty (Haynes, Stephanie 2012). Disney films cannot only affect your childhood, but it can also affect your adulthood. IV. The stereotypes that occurred in Disney film can also affect a person during their adulthood. The characters portrayed in Disney films create these false ideologies of what women should grow up to be. 1. In the movies, the princesses are always paired with princes that live in castles. The movies tend to exaggerate the prince and princesses’ marriage. a. Some women learn to assume that relationships are all about love at first site. b. Women tend to get disappointed when they find out that their man does not immediately fall in love with them like in the Disney Princess movies. 2. Women tend to idolize a particular character from their childhood and imitate their appearances or their behavior. a. For example, when you see Ariel’s body, women tend to believe that their bodies should look like hers. b. Which leads them in going in serious diets or even having eating disorders. TRANSITION: The Disney Classic films that we grew up with perpetuate more than a storybook ending. These films use subliminal messaging that sends false images of the world based on stereotypes that their characters are based on. These images not only teach children the wrong thing, but they  teach them ideals that they carry on through adulthood. CONCLUSION I. In conclusion, Disney Movies played an important role in our childhood lives. II. Disney Films portrayed different stereotypes that not only affected our childhood, but also our adult hood. III. So when you watch another Disney Film, remember is not real. REFERENCES England, D., Descartes, L., & Collier-Meek, M. (2011). Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses. Sex Roles,64(7/8), 555-567. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9930-7 Hanes, Stephanie. â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect.† Christian Science Monitor (2011): n. pag. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. Kaiser Family Foundation. (1999). Kids and media at the new millennium. Retrieved April 18, 2003, from www.kff.org. Robinson, T., Callister, M., Magoffin, D., & Moore, J. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406507000047 â€Å"The Walt Disney Studios- History.† The Walt Disney Studios- History. Disney, n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. Towbin, Mia Adessa, et al. â€Å"Images of Gender, Race, Age, and Sexual Orientation in Disney Feature-Length Animated Films.† Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 15:4, 2004, p. 19-44.

American History X and the Epidemic of Youth Violence Essay

American History X and the Epidemic of Youth Violence Amazing grace, how sweet the sound, That saved a wretch like me. I once was lost, But now am found, Was blind but now I see. --Shaker hymn James Garbarino (1999) discusses the boys who are lost and ways that they can learn to see again in his book Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them. He takes an in depth look at what he calls the epidemic of youth violence in America in order to determine its causes and origins. By gaining an understanding of the problem, Garbarino hopes to be able to ascertain some sort of solution. He provides useful advice and insight about steps we as a society can take to ensure our boys do not become lost. In order to†¦show more content†¦Although the movie is fictitious, there are boys who are living in America today that express similar actions and attitudes to those expressed by Derek and Danny. The movie is not a far cry from what is currently taking place in our society today. Overview of the Movie American History X tells a tragic story that focuses on two brothers, Derek and Danny Vinyard. The movie begins with a startling flashback scene in which Danny interrupts his older brother Derek and his girlfriend having sex to tell him that there is a black man outside trying to break into Derek’s car. Next we see Derek run outside and shoot and kill two African Americans and attempt to kill another driving away. Derek is in his early twenties and Danny is 16 years old. Danny witnesses the entire transaction. In the next scene, it is the day Derek is released from prison, and Danny is in the principal’s office because he wrote a paper on Mien Kampf arguing for Hitler as an outstanding civil rights activist. He is instructed by the principal, who is African American, to write another paper on his older brother Derek. As the movie progresses, the viewer learns more about the lives of Danny and Derek. Their father was a fireman who was killed by a black man while trying to put out a fire in a black community. Derek and Danny live in an area of California that is run by violent gangs. After his father is killed, Derek joins D.O.C., which is a Neo-Nazi, white supremacist group. HeShow MoreRelatedNative American Gangs During European Colonization1960 Words   |  8 Pages Bernadette Stafford Rough Draft April 29, 2015 Native American Gangs Prior to European colonization, North America was home to up to ten million indigenous people with distinct cultures and hundreds of languages. Within 500 years the population was halved through disease and genocide. Today, Native American’s make up 5.2 million or 2% of the US population. 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